You can use Terminal to identify computers with Apple silicon that have cryptographic users, but do not have volume owners.
Open Terminal on the target computer and execute the following:
diskutil apfs listCryptoUsers /If the user account GUID is identified as Type: Local Open Directory User and Volume Owner: Yes does not display below the user type, this means that the user account is not a volume owner and the computer must be erased and macOS must be re-installed.